Role of the Media on Islamophobia Since Trump’s Election

Dramatically
increased Islamophobia in American Media coverage since Trump’s Presidency: Muslims
in America are more vulnerable to bigotry and Islamophobia as a result of Donald
Trump’s behaviour and actions
Abstract
This research paper implies the role of International media in the propagation and multiplication of hatred and hostility vibe against Muslims in the American society since the U.S. presidential election campaign. The objective of this research paper is to focus on the reasons, role of media and Trump’s influence behind the increasing hostility and aggression against Muslims in US, and how it is utilized to legitimize the segregation towards them. Muslims have been more vulnerable to violence, threats and hatred since start of American presidential campaign especially after Trump’s hateful speeches. During the first GOP debate in August 2015, Islamophobia made an appearance just a month later in September 2017, the first incident of Muslims hatred of anti-Muslim occurred. Since 9/11 fear based oppressor exercises by white radical or Christians is a common hone, even after they have slaughtered numbers comparable to those hurt by Muslims. Yet we do not hear any segregation towards Christianity or Christians by and large indeed in most cases they are displayed as solitary or lone wolf, mental case or medicate fiend but never as a terrorist, American news outlets are also more concerned about non-Muslim victims rather than Muslim victims of terror. Trump has a track record of advocating and encouraging Islamophobia during elections campaign and even after winning the elections. After just a year following the California and France terror attacks he called for a ban of Muslims entering US as it is obvious from his actions and words that he can’t distinguish between extremist’s groups of various radical elements and the rest of the world’s nearly 2 billion Muslims who played no role in these incidents who are merely a victim in all this. Meanwhile, he has been shockingly silent on the attacks on Muslims, showed no concern for Muslims victims whatsoever, which depicts a double standard regarding his concern over the issue of terrorism. 30 articles have been reviewed for this purpose, the analysis of these research papers recommended that threatening vibe towards Muslims is seen as usual and regular practice in the west not only by common public but also the current President of United States of America. By analysing all the articles, it will be sufficing to say that Trump’s entire political career was based on the hatred towards Muslims and Islamophobia.
Keywords: Muslims,
Terror incidents, American Media coverage, Lone wolf, Islamophobia, Islam, 9/11,
Election Campaign, President Trump, American President, Trump’s Administration
Introduction
For
everyone in America and all over the world it was shocking when Donald Trump
suggested a ban on Muslims entering the US, but this behavior towards Muslims
has remained a common practice throughout American history. In 2016 Donald Trump’s
claim that “Islam hates us”. What is alarming about this is that it comes from
an orientalist misconception which have never been changed over the last 200
years. Reality is that Islam doesn’t hate America or the West. There are certainly
Muslims radical organizations who despise the United States, but they do not
hate US because of their religion (Saladin, 2016).

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A
critical point in the portrayal of negative media depiction of Muslims happened
in the post- 9/11 period, Muslims were freely related with terror. There are
several TV pictures, serials, talk shows, cartoons, and news coverage, where
Muslims are depicted as uncivilized, anti-modern, anti-democratic, and
psychological militants, fundamentalists, radicals, aggressors, primitive, and
anti-western. Violent happenings or terror incidents are immediately and mostly
linked with Islamic nations by the western media. The western world own major
news networks, and TV stations, many of them are headquartered in other nations
around the world. Larger part of them is either run by the Jews or is beneath
capable campaign of Jews and Christians who significantly restrict any positive
accomplishment on portion of the Muslims (Nurullah, 2010).
Donald
Trump, the GOP presidential front-runner during his elections campaign promoted
anti-Muslim stance in the wake of Paris attacks, November 2015 rather than
calling for peace, harmony and international unity. Donald Trump’s anti-Muslim
statements during his elections campaign and television interviews and
appearances on international and national networks impacts millions of viewers
across US and the globe (Abdelkader, 2016).
The
media is connected to religion in the way that it depicts the expression of
religion to its given disciples as well as to the individuals out there. It too
upgrades the understandings of a specific religion through important insignia
of it. Media is basically a platform which spread the message and sets
standards. In this way, the media plays two roles in the depiction of religion:
to emphatically depict it or delineate it contrarily to the masses.
Subsequently, it depends on the editors who select the material to be broadcasted
in the media. The beliefs and worldviews of those guardians unequivocally
influence the choice of news and occasions. Acts of terrorism committed by
people of other faiths are not connected to their devout character. Acc. to the
media portrayal, fear mongering in advanced times has ended up the sole trade
of Muslims. This wholesome attribution of Muslims as fear mongers has come
about in Islamophobia, racial scorn, slaughter, and viciousness (Nacos &
Reyna, 2003).
This
paper analysis the reasons behind the sharp rise in wrongdoings against Islam
and Muslims or those seen to be Muslim in America. The article, in any case,
will propose that there are critical changes taking put in U.S. culture which
will enlighten the reasons why the surge in wrongdoings coordinated at Muslims
in America was harsh, but brief (Kaplan, 2006). Further this paper explores
President Trump’s anti-Muslim views and actions, linking them to the increase
in hate toward Muslims during his tenure. His anti-Muslims actions basically served
the political purpose maintaining his political support base of white American
class and, creating a divide among west and Muslims (Nuruzzaman, 2017).
The
Washington Post’s reporting of the November 13, 2015, Paris attack distinguished
from the paper’s coverage of the first Ankara assault. In terms of sheer
unmistakable quality, coverage of the Paris assault overshadowed coverage of
the Ankara assault. The feature conjured the word terror, while the rest of the
article described—in distinctive detail—specific scenes of savagery (el-Nawawy,
& Elmasry, 2017).
The
commonality of orthodox representations correlating Muslims with terror in
standard media uncovers broad conviction among the makers of media messages
that the affiliation, or association, is typical, sensible, and/or
satisfactory, which is at that point suggested to, and learned by, youth, instead
believing that, the affiliation is unfair and stereotypical and hurts Muslims,
making them defenceless to preference and segregation in the public sphere (Jackson,
2010).
Currently
in US, Muslims are regularly depicted as pariahs in settings of national
sharing, despite the fact that they are American-born citizens. Islamophobic conversations
are based on the view that Islam don’t belong in the West and that Muslim refugees
cannot be truly identified with the states in which they live (Shryock, 2013).
The
other common narrative is that white Christian extremists who commit terrorist
attacks are not terrorists. There are exceptions. The Oklahoma bombing by a
white Christian is generally considered to be an act of terrorism, although the
attack was initially blamed on Islamic terrorist groups. For the most part,
though, “terrorist” was not a word applied to the white Christian responsible
for the Quebec City attack. Nor is he alone in avoiding classification as a
terrorist (Corbin, 2017).
Literature Review
President
Trump’s “America First” narrative is basically the continuation of the Bush’s anti-Muslim
stance. It is President Trump’s anti-Muslim rhetoric and actions that have made
him look Islamophobic, but he is not only American leader with terrible
anti-Muslim mind-sets. His anti-Muslim rhetoric serves his political purpose
but at a high cost to the Muslims. Neither did he hide his anti-Muslim
sentiments that has created a weird situation in the relationships between the
Muslims and Trump’s America (Nuruzzaman).
Even
if media do not impart public to relate Muslims with terror, they will, in any
case, learn that it is typical to do so, that it is recognized in the standard
media as sensible or worthy, rather than as damaging to Muslims, who confront
segregation, bias, and hatefulness when the breadth of their substances is not
considered newsworthy or engaging, lacking an education that basically reacts
to the transcendent generalization. Topical, expository, and basic lessons in
media proficiency must complement the formal educational programs approximately
Islam to optimize the dynamic mindfulness and basic gathering of what is
eventually depicted as typical to think regarding Muslims in the mass media.
What specific assets are utilized is not as critical as what is communicated
through their consideration: that standard messages are inadequate or biased,
and that informed members of an equitable society must hook with numerous
viewpoints when it comes to troublesome, disputable subjects to act independently
and in an educated way inside society (Jackson).
Even
with the strong opposition even from political parties and public opinion and with
the disrespect for the American Constitution, why is it so that Trump still had
so much support? It’s because he influences that fear that still prevails in
people minds after 9/11 which is sufficient enough to believe that Muslims
hates America and wants to harm them (Mutum, 2016).
Soon
after Trump’s Presidency, he begins carrying out the campaign he promises, the
first travel bans a prerequisite. “The Muslim ban is something that in some form
has morphed into extreme vetting from certain areas of the world.” (Patel, &
Levinson-Waldman 2017).
Conservative
leader who openly share their hate for Muslims have escalates negative approaches.
For the propagation of Islamophobia, the tremendous majority shares the media
is partly guilty. The generalizations that are propagated in the media may not
have pernicious expectation, but they are belittling to Muslims and may lead to
incognito and unmistakable separation on interpersonal levels (Al-Hamdani,
2016).
The
2016 U.S. presidential caused another wave of Islamophobia, threatening
American Muslims freedom. In 2015, there were almost 174 incidents of
anti-Muslim violence and Muslims suffered due to such attacks as they were more
likely to be the victim of the crimes and assaults as compare to non-Muslims (Abdelkader,
2016).
Role
of a Muslim women in society is often projected through media which has become
the main source of learning these days. Despite of social practice mostly
Muslims women are viewed as subjugated, backward, oppressed and inclined toward
terror (Watt, 2012).
Donald
Trump’s speeches indicated the rise in hatred towards Muslims in USA.  Donald said that Muslims only care for Jihad
indicating ISIS, and Muslims hates US.  Acc.
To Trump, “why does President Obama defend Muslims in America? Oh, I can see
that he is one of them, he is a Muslim, right?” From this it is obvious that Trump
really hates Muslim and President Obama. By all this he was trying to construct
the bad image of Muslim to gain supports form the American society. He builds
his own image of a leader for all the Non-Muslims and supporters of Anti
Muslims sentiments which especially effected the family of terrorism victims. (Puspitasari,
2016)
The
affiliation of Islam with terror has come to be acknowledged as fragment of the
discourse on security and terrorism; it will be sufficing to say that “Muslim”
and “terrorist” have ended up nearly synonymous (Eid, & Karim, 2011). The narrative
“our Lone wolf/ Your terrorists” by Phillips and many others, depicts the
relation between civilizing Christians and regressing Islam.  (Humphrys, 2012).
If
Trump didn’t create the terror narrative such a racial stereotype, white
innocence and white supremacy his administration did exploit these theme. These
two propagandas complement each other and their consequence effect Muslims a
lot (Corbin, 2017).
It
is obvious from the behavior of the voter that Trump follower’s attitudes on the
views like sexism, authoritarianism and Islamophobia differs from that of Clinton,
influence of Islamophobia is strong in Trump’s followers (Blair, 2016). Trump’s
Muslims hate during the atmosphere of terror incidents make the environment
even more intense which influence his presidential campaign (Beydoun, 2017).
Brooks,
R. A, claims that Muslim inhabitants or citizens of the US symbolise to a
genuine and developing terror threat to American society, especially in their
assumed readiness or capacity to execute dangerous assaults in the US. It doesn’t
seem that Muslim Americans are progressively influenced or proficient of involving
terror assaults against their inhabitants (Brooks, 2011).
This
study revealed that of media coverage of such terror incidents are based on the
concept of depicting Islam as a culture and religion of violence and fear,
while US is a great Christian country. Coverage of terrorism highlights
contrast in religion, demonizing Muslims and civilising Christians. Fatalities
of terror were characterized as innocent, imploring, Christian, and
otherworldly in a few ways, being slaughtered, harmed or frightened by wicked
Muslim terrorist. In the US Media coverage assist in creating a sense of
triviality of domestic terrorism and highlights devout contrasts that contribute
to a ‘‘holy war,’’ while upgrading a culture of fear of Muslims and Islam (Powell,
2011).
Long-term
and short-term revelation to media labelling of Muslims as terrorists increases
recognitions of Muslims as destructive, which in turn increments bolster
for policies that hurt Muslims locally and globally (Saleem, Prot, Anderson,
Lemieux, 2017).
The
occasions of 9/11 constrained the media’s hand to cover the Muslim
and Arab minorities more regularly. This moreover caused the press to show news
consumers with a more inclusive picture of these groups. One consequence was
that the news media allowed Muslim-Americans more access after 9/11, and individuals of
this minority made themselves accessible to the media (Nacos &
Torres-Reyna, 2003).
The
augment of Islamophobia in the West has raised concerns among analysts and
policymakers. While the standard media and a few political leaders relate Islam
with savagery, the reports by noticeable organizations focus upon a common
loathe of Muslims. An initial look at the clear figures uncovered that Western
citizens hold different approaches of Islamophobic outlooks and these views from
a general feeling around Muslims to the discernment of Muslims as compassionate
of terrorist organizations (Ciftci, 2012).
Being a victim of such forms
of biasness on ordinary basis can prompt character issues. The effort of
combining and absorbing two diverse societies can regularly feel like an amusement of tug of war for Muslim Americans Youth (Al-Hamdani).
Due
to Trump’s hate towards Muslims general public of America believes trump is a
solution to the “Muslim problem” in the west. But in reality since his election
campaign and after the presidency situation stared to get worse as he has no understanding
of basic human rights or the respect for the different religions and the people
(Greene, 2016).
The
terms such as “terrorist” and “guerilla” which were endorsed by American Media
after 9/11 as public relies on Media for information so this framing influenced
the public opinion (Eid, & Karim 2011). US need to realise that real enemy
is not Islam nor the Muslims in US it’s their ignorance (Bennett, 2016).
Islamophobia or hatred towards Muslims is not going to make America great again
(Carlson, 2016).
Hypothesis
President Trump’s entire political career
and his success in 2017 elections was based on Islamophobia. Muslims in America are more vulnerable to
bigotry and Islamophobia as a result of Donald Trump’s behaviour and actions.
Trump call for Shutting Down Mosques
In
the wake of Paris terrorist attacks Donald Trump called for shutting down the Mosques.
“Trump Doubles Down On Closing Mosques: ‘We’re Gonna Have No Choice’ (VIDEO).” Thus
resulting in increased in directly attacks on mosques. This surged once again
in December, 2015 which resultantly increased the number of attacks on mosques
and Islamic schools dramatically as compare to the beginning of presidential
campaign. In most cases the suspects were public supporters of presidential candidate
Donald Trump. This political rhetoric created fertile ground for hatred and fear
against Muslims in US. These attacks on mosques and Islamic institutes sends a
strong message all over the world that Muslims are not welcome and not safe in
the American society (Abdelkader).
Trump Supporters are more likely to be Islamophobic
In
relapses to anticipate voting for Clinton or Trump, attitude measures were the strongest,
noteworthy indicators of voting eagerly. The design would lead one to anticipate
social dominance introduction to altogether foresee voting for Trump, but due
to the overpowering quality of Islamophobia in anticipating votes for Trump,
social dominance introduction did not come out as a critical indicator of
voting for Trump vs. all others. People were more than 3 times more likely to
vote for Trump for 2/4 each step they expanded on the Islamophobia scale and
2.6 times more likely to be undecided or voting for a third party candidate for
each step that they diminished on the Islamophobia scale (Blair, 2016).
All Terrorists Are Muslims
This
biased media depiction implies that Muslims are more inclined towards violence
and hatred thus making them a threat to US and other western societies. Hence,
it is important to part the general perceptions about Muslims from more
specific approaches linking Muslims to aggression and terrorism (Ciftci). Association
of Islam with terrorism seems to be accepted as part of the communication on
security and terrorism, so much that the words “Muslim” and “terrorist” have
become almost identical (Eid & Karim, 2011). This description of all
Muslims as one psychological ‘species’, horribly chronological as it is, can at
that point be utilized regularly interface Muslim outrage with
all the ills of Islam, repeating the same xenophobia this time in
pseudo-psychological discussion (Humphrys, 2012). Mass media links Islam and
Muslims, with terrorism, depicting the religion and the group most normally as irrational,
fundamentalist, and/or inclined to receptive aggression (Jackson). Why this was happening and what was the
origin? Trump may not be the reason for making situation worse for Muslims in
US but he didn’t help either (Bennett, 2016).
Trump’s racist election
campaign
The
racist factor during Trump’s election campaign help his throughout his entire
political career. It is really ironic that in the most developed country like
US a person like Trump can win with majority, most of the researchers believes
that Trump won the elections due to his racism and Islamophobic stance and it
was due to his attitude that caused the uprising and protest in throughout US
even when his votes were being counted (O’Farrell, 2017). What makes this even
more threatening is that Trump is very bold, open and vocal about his feeling
about anything (Carlson, 2016).
No White People Are Terrorists
In
today’s mass societies individuals are indeed more reliant on the news since
they have “nowhere else to turn for information about general affairs and for guidelines
on how to perceive and decipher that information” (Neuman, Russell, Just & Crigler
1996).
A
Muslim accountable for aggression that expresses adoration for previous mass
shooters and writes “[t]hose that allow their God to be mocked have no God”
would instantly be branded a terrorist. A white Christian accountable for
aggression that expresses adoration for the Charleston attacker and who compose
that exceptional sentence, however, is not (Corbin).
The Washington Post portrays assault against Western European targets
(2015-2016), and assault against Muslim majority communities, differently. In
covering assaults on France and Belgium, The Post utilized “terrorism frames”
to formulate coverage while constantly humanizing victims and drawing associations
between European societies and the Western world more usually. Assaults against
Turkey and Nigeria were covered less significantly and were mainly portrayed as
domestic clash (el-Nawawy & Elmasry).  Accordingly, journalists, editors and
producers in the news media make decisions persistently about who, how and what
to display in the news; such choices are affected by their organizations’
standard working methods (Nacos &
Torres-Reyna, 2003).  Major networks in US rarely aired helpful content
for Muslims neither externally nor internally.  Important issues that
consider on the news about Muslims involve residential security, worldwide clashes,
and terrorism (Al-Hamdani, Y, 2016).
The Islamophobic Trump’s Administration
Trump’s
hate and bigotry which laid foundation to his political career has now reached
White House. His team includes some Islamophobics like Steve Bannon, Michael Flynn,
and Sebastian Gorka. Trump support and inclination towards Muslims has
encouraged hateful elements to act freely against Muslims (Patel &
Levinson-Waldman, 2017).
Subjugation of Muslim Women
In
the evolution of chronological Islamophobia to gendered Islamophobia, Juliane
Hammer outlined the complications of Islamophobia focussed towards Muslim women
in America. She makes the case that gender, as a social develop, is depicted as
Muslim men being brutal terrorists and Muslim women being dominated by Muslim
men; thus the need for Muslim women to be liberate from their religion and civilization
(Ernst, 2013). Instead of the fact that social tradition shifts broadly, numerous
non-Muslims have tended to view the role of women as permanent and homogenous,
and western societies deliver a set of presumptions and depictions about the
Islamic custom of covering for ladies which build it as a representation of
backwardness, spiritual fundamentalism, male domination, and terrorism (Watt, 2012).
Discrimination among White Terrorists & Muslim Terrorists
Reporting
of terrorist incidents shows a design of media coverage of terrorism in which
fear of global terrorism is central, mainly as Muslims=Arabs=Islam functioning mutually
in structured terrorist cells in opposition to ‘‘Christian America,’’ whereas household
terrorism is radiate as a slight danger that occurs in confined occurrences by disturbed
people (Powell). As Glenn Greenwald wrote in Salon (2011): What it says is what
we’ve seen over an over: that Terrorism has no purposeful meaning and, in any
case in American political conversations, has come partially to mean: aggression
committed by Muslims whom the West loathes, no matter the reason or the objective.
Undoubtedly, in many media circles, argument of the Oslo assault rapidly
morphed from this is Terrorism (when it was accepted Muslims did it) to no,
this isn’t Terrorism, just extremism (once it got to be likely that Muslims
didn’t). 
The Politics of Islamophobia
These political views of Trump were shared by
precedence Presidents and pioneers as well (Beydoun, 2017). Western citizens see
Muslims as obsessive, aggressive and supportive of terrorism because they believe
them to be hostile to their physical well-being and social values. This feeling
is used by media and right-wing leaders to nourish the xenophobia of a
new variety (Ciftci, 2012). The media also reported
that pioneers like President Bush and New York’s Mayor Rudi Giuliani advice
Americans not to express their rage toward cultural and devout
minorities. It appears that these reports did not obliterate the public’s questions
regarding Muslim- and Arab-Americans’ patriotism (Nacos,
& Torres-Reyna, 2003).
Ban on Muslims
On
March 6, 2017, Trump issued an executive order that hits Muslims. This ban has
a variety of negative outcomes and more far reaching consequences. It reinforces
the idea of Islamophobia in the country, thus the US administration is responsible
for promoting hate against Muslims not only in the US but the whole world. The
first executive order, January 2017 faced protests by disheartened Americans
across the US. Trump administration’s unjust ban on Muslims community helped
Muslims American in gaining sympathetic support among America’s mainstream. (Jamal,
2017).
Conclusion
Lack
of interest and knowledge regarding Muslims, their culture, norms and values
leads to a manipulative Islamophobia. Muslims must be sentient that in the view
of Non –Muslims they represent themselves collectively not individually. Media
should play a vital role in negating such anti-Muslim propagandas. Balanced
news reporting of Muslims, in the US as well as internationally, can decrease
the perception that Muslims are supporting terrorism or extremist activities.
The Muslim community is diverse in US in many aspects of race, class or creed
so associating an individual, as a Muslim on the basis of their appearance is
not usually accurate. When society assumes that all Muslims practices same
religious practices and convictions, they are making the judgment that
fundamentally all the Muslim community is same there no distinction between the
individuals of that bunches and all of them are inalienably homogeneous.
Why
precisely is this fear and hate occurring in spite of the fact that and where
is it coming from? Trump isn’t the reason Americans are undermining Muslims and
mosques in specific all through the US, but he isn’t making a difference
either. After each incident that happens including a terror assault, hate
crimes emerge. An article by Corky Siemaszko from NBC found that after the
Paris assaults, 38 anti-Muslim assaults happened in the blink of an eye from
there on. 18 of those assaults happened straightforwardly after the December
2nd butcher in San Bernardino as well. Politically incorrect statements like
this are fueling the fire of the fear and hatred the American people are
feeling.
The
generalizations that are circulated in the media may not have hurtful expectation,
but they are maligning Muslims picture in the western society and may lead to
clandestine and obvious separation on interpersonal levels. Representations in
US media of Islam and Muslims barely scratch the surface when it comes to the
differing qualities of the community, around the world: in Middle East, in UN,
and in other Western and Eastern nations. Thematic, logical, and critical
lessons in media education must complement the formal educational programs
almost Islam to optimize the dynamic mindfulness and basic gathering of what is
eventually depicted as ordinary to think almost Muslims in the mass media.
It
will suffice to say that Donald Trump due to his hatred towards Muslims has
made the situation in the USA for Muslims worst after terrorism attacks in
California and San Bernardino. He manipulates and takes advantage from these
attack which are committed by Muslim to provoke anti Muslims elements and gain
their favour like he did during his elections campaign by announcing a ban on Muslim
from entering US. Due to which the anti-Muslims elements side with and cast
vote for him, his Islamophobic actions contribute to his political career and
success making the life of Muslims in US worse and worse day by day.
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