Impact Of Floods In Low Lying Areas Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essay Example

Vijayawada metropolis is situated on the Bankss of river Krishna. Floods affect the metropolis many times, which creates harm to the people and belongingss. The metropolis has faced many inundations since long back. The purpose of the survey is to happen out the factors which are responsible for the inundations in the metropolis and the impact of the inundations in the low lying countries ( which are largely affected ) of Vijayawada. This survey will be utile to work out the steps to manage the inundations in the metropolis.

A few suggestions have been given to undertake the damaging phenomenon of the inundations.

Keywords: Vijayawada, Krishna River, Budameru canal, Floods,

Introduction:

Vijayawada is the 3rd largest metropolis in the province of Andhra Pradesh. Over the old ages, Vijayawada has been sing extended development coupled with high urban growing. It is an of import commercial and conveyance Centre of the State. Bing a large metropolis people from all over the state are migrating to Vijayawada for their support irrespective of their caste and credo.

The rapid urbanisation in the metropolis has led to increase the job of colonies with the insecure locations which finally causes natural catastrophe. In add-on to this, heavy rains in this country have been doing frequent inundations with roads in many topographic points submerged for several hours and the route traffic coming to a arrest, conveying in considerable harm to public and private belongingss. Floods are the most detrimental phenomena that consequence to the societal and economic of the population.

It is one of the major catastrophes impacting the population particularly those populating in high hazard countries, in the inundation fields and the low lying countries doing extended harm to belongingss and even loss of lives.

But before analyzing the impact of the inundations in the low lying countries of Vijayawada, allow us foremost understand the significance of Floods.

AA FloodA is an flood of H2O that submerges land.A TheA European UnionA ( EU ) A Floods DirectiveA defines a inundation as a covering by H2O of land non usually covered by H2O. Deluging may ensue from the volume of H2O within a organic structure of H2O, such as aA riverA orA lake, which overflows or interruptions levees, with the consequence that some of the H2O escapes its usual boundaries, A or may be due to accretion of rainwater on saturated land in an aerial inundation

Floods are caused by many factors: heavy rainfall, extremely acceleratedA snowmelt, terrible air currents over H2O, unusual high tides, A tsunamis, or failure of dikes, A levees, A keeping pools, or other constructions that retained the H2O. Deluging can be exacerbated by increased sums of imperviable surface or by other natural jeopardies such as wildfires, which cut down the supply of flora that can absorb rainfall. The factors which are responsible for the implosion therapy of Vijayawada metropolis will be studied in a elaborate mode in the undermentioned survey.

Topography OF THE CITY:

The metropolis is sited at the pes of a low scope hills on the northern bank of the river Krishna with its central points as 16A° 31 ‘ North latitude and 80A° 37 ‘ East longitude, around 70 kilometers off from the seashore.

The land ballad of Vijayawada is characterized by four canals, four hills and the river Krishna. Vijayawada when approached from Guntur is welcomed by the historic Gatess across the sanctum river Krishna. The manner to Machilipatnam runs parallel to Budameru canal and crosses two other canals.

There are four major hills:

a ) Indrakiladri Hill

B ) Machavaram Hill

degree Celsius ) Gunadala Hill

vitamin D ) Moghalrajapuram Hill

The natural incline of the old town is falling from north to south whereas the new town inclines down from West to east. When compared to the old town, the new town is level and hence makes drainage less effectual. Though the metropolis is protected from high inundation Bankss in the southern side, the low-lying lands are non immune to inundations.

Indrakiladri hill ( One town & A ; Vidyadharapuram ) : –

The countries covered by Indrakiladri hill are popularly known as I Town and Vidyadharapuram. It is located on the West Side and Northern Side of Vijayawada City. The tallness of the hills is about 240 Meters. The margin of the hills is about 10 kilometer. The countries such as Ramarajaya Nagar, Kummaraalem, 4-Pillar centre, Ali Nagar, Kabela Road are falling with in this hill country.

Mogalrajapuram hill

Mogalarajpuram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill scope located on the Eastern side of Vijayawada metropolis. The maximal tallness of the hills is about 250 Meters. The margin of the hills is about 6 kilometer. The countries such as Dasari Ramana Nagar, Ravi Chettu Center, Sunnapubattila Center are falling within these hill countries.

Machavaram hill

Machavaram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill scope located on the East Side of Vijayawada City. The maximal tallness of the hills is about 240 Mts. The margin of the the hill country is about 4 kilometer. The countries such as Karimkanagar, Gulammohiddin Nagar, Maruthinagar are falling within these hill countries.

Gundala hill

Gunadala Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill scope located on the Eastern Side of Vijayawada metropolis. The maximal tallness of the hills is about 242 Meters. The margin of the hills is about 10 kilometer. The countries such as Ayyapanagar, Kristurajapuram, Vijayanagar Colony, Arunlagar, Lurthnagar, Betlahem Nagar etc. are falling within these hill countries.

Beginning of the Information: MRO ( Urban ) , Revenue Dept, Vijayawada.

Canals: –

The Krishna Eastern Main Canal on the left bank of Krishna River, after tracking for one kilometer gets divided into three canals ; Eluru canal, Bandar canal and Ryves canal tracking the interior metropolis. Apart from these, Budameru watercourse skirts the metropolis bounds to go through through the rural portion of the VMC.

Bandar Canal

The canal crossbeams for a distance of 7.5 kilometers on the southern side of the metropolis. For free motion of traffic, the canal has 10 Bridgess built across it.

Ryves Canal

The canal flows for a distance of around 7.6 kilometer on the north-eastern side of the metropolis. There are about 8 Bridgess across it.

Eluru Canal

The canal runs for a entire distance of around 65 kilometer in Krishna and West Godavari territories. There are about six route Bridgess, two railroad Bridgess and two foot-over Bridgess across the canal.

Land Use Profile

The metropolis country can be loosely divided into two classs – one ‘Developed country ‘ and the 2nd ‘Undeveloped country ‘ . Of the Vijayawada corporation country of 6188 hour angle, the developed land portion of the metropolis covers 3753 hour angle accounting for around 61 % of the metropolis country, go forthing 2435 hour angle undeveloped.

Land Use Composition: Vijayawada, 2004

S.No

Land Use

Area in Ha.

% to developed

country

% to entire country

Developed constituent

1.

Residential ( Built -up )

1348.25

35.92

21.79

2.

Mixed-Residential ( Built -up )

141.36

3.77

2.28

3.

Residential vacant secret plans

229.02

6.10

4.11

4.

Commercial

247.91

6.6

4.01

5.

Industrial

72.38

1.93

1.17

6.

Public & A ; Semi- populace

270.16

7.2

4.37

7.

Institutional

178.31

4.75

2.88

8.

Parks & A ; Play evidences

60.34

1.60

0.56

9.

Recreational / Others

3.1

0.08

0.05

10.

Roadss

800.81

21.34

12.94

11.

Railway

190.49

5.08

3.08

12.

Water Bodies ( Canals & A ; Others )

211.26

5.63

3.41

Sub Total

3753.39

100

60.65

Un-Developed constituent

13.

Agricultural Area

885.97

36.40

14.32

14.

Vacant Lands

618.27

25.39

9.99

15.

Water Bodies ( River )

668.42

27.45

10.80

16.

Hills

262.06

10.76

4.23

Sub Total

2434.72

100.00

39.35

Grand Total

6188.11

100.00

100.00

Beginning: VGTMUDA

Rivers and Dams

There are two rivers fluxing from Vijayawada

Krishna River

Budameru river/Drain which creates mayhem during showery season.

Krishna River

The River Krishna takes of its beginning in the Western Ghats at an lift of ( + ) 1336 Mts and runs for a length of about 1400 kilometer and runs through Vijayawada metropolis and joins at Bay of Bengal. The length of Krishna River up to Prakasam Barrage is about 1310 kilometer. The flow of the river is managed partly by the Nagarjuna Sagar dike which is located to the West of Krishna District and Prakasam Barrage which is located at the beginning of the metropolis.

The Krishna Flood bank Above Prakasam Barrage is about 13km and below inundation bank is 6.40 kilometer which creates mayhem in inundation season which starts from June to December. Water release from bombardment with 4, 12,734 to 10, 94,422 Cusecs is been observed over the old ages.

Dam direction

Since the chief intent of the dike is to supply irrigation, the dike governments try to make full the reservoirs during the monsoon to guarantee H2O handiness for the husbandmans in the encompassing territories during summers. Therefore happening of terrible rainfall ( 1 twenty-four hours or 2 twenty-four hours utmost precipitation ) due to cyclone or depression during the latter half of the monsoon season in the lower and in-between Krishna basin leads sudden addition in the reservoir degree coercing the dike governments to let go of H2O which sometime exceeds the transporting capacity of the river. This leads to deluging along the downstream.

Flood Banks

The entire length of inundation bank in Krishna District ( within which the Vijayawada metropolis is located ) is 226.98 kilometer. The flood Bankss of the River Krishna were originally formed in 1892. The flood Bankss were provided on both sides of the River up to sea as elaborate below to incorporate the inundation H2O with in the inundation Bankss and there by protect the belongingss and human lives etc in Krishna District.

Detailss of Flood Banks in Krishna District

S.No.

Detailss Of The Flood Banks

Length In kilometer

1.

Krishna Left flood bank

( above Prakasam Barrage )

13.00

2.

Krishnalanka Flood bank

( below Prakasam Barrage )

6.40

3.

Krishna Left flood Bank ( below Prakasam

Barrage )

89.60

4.

Divi Left flood bank

36.00

5.

Divi Right Flood Bank

32.00

6.

K.E. Tidal Bank Divi Island

22.00

7.

Kona Tidal Bank ( Machilipatnam Side )

18.50

8.

Seadyke Flood Bank ( Machilipatnam Side )

2.50

9.

West Side Flood Bank ( Machilipatnam

Side )

6.00

10.

Rudravaram Flood Bank ( Machilipatnam

Side )

4.00

Entire

230.00

Beginning: Irrigation Dept

Krishna Lanka Flood Bank: ( 3.38 kilometer ) : This inundation bank was formed during 1967 to protect the occupants of Krishnalanka of Vijayawada metropolis.

Embankments /Flood Bank locations

S.No

Name of the

Embankment

Length of the

Embankment in kilometer

Area covered

Length of the

Embakment within the ward

1

Krishna Left Flood Bank ( Above Barrage ) From ( Ibrhimpatnam

to Prakasham Barage )

13km

IbrahimPatnam to

BhavaniPuram

6km

2

Bhavani puram To

Karakatta South

5km

3

Krakatta South to

Lanchi

revu/Punnami

Hotel

2km

1

Krishna Left Flood bank

( Bellow Prakasham

Barrage ) From Brrage to Ramalaingeswara

Nagar ( Krishna Lanka )

6.40km

Ranadheevi nagar

2

2

Taraka Ramanagar

1.40

3

Bhupesh Gupta Nagar

1

4

Ramalingeswar

Nagar

2

Budameru River/Drain

Information given in the undermentioned pages.

Floods

Floods are caused by two rivers in the Vijayawada. One is Krishna River which is on the southern portion of the metropolis and the other is Budameru River which is on the North- Western portion of the metropolis. Both these rivers contribute to the canal web. Bandar canal and Ryves canal are fed by Krishna River while Eluru canal is fed by Krishna River and partly by Budameru River. The part of H2O from Budameru is largely seasonal and the canal webs are used to dispatch excess/flood Waterss.

The topography of the metropolis is complex. The cardinal portion of the metropolis is above inundation field with hills while Southern and Northern parts of the metropolis are on inundation field. This job was realized by the irrigation section in ulterior half of 20th century and bunds were constructed along canals to forestall inundation Waterss from come ining the metropolis.

The inundations in Vijayawada metropolis due to Krishna River, is a regular phenomenon. Almost every monsoon people populating in the inundation fields of Krishna River are affected.

Krishna Floods

The primary ground for the implosion therapy is the unauthorised colonies along the river which had taken topographic point due to miss of planning and enforcement.

Flood in the River Krishna are both due to South – West Monsoon in the center of June and continues up to stop of September and North – East Monsoon begins in October and continues till terminal of November. High inundations normally occur during October.

History of Hazard

In general, implosion therapy by the Krishna River is a regular phenomenon. The flood history of Krishna River indicates that its flow is unsure. With the embankments in topographic point the river flows bank to bank about one time in every five old ages or twice every decennary. This clip span of five old ages normally encourages low economic category people to settle on the inundation bank. Further the presence of embankments provide a false sense of security to the people and besides encourages people who are on the river bed that shortly the authorities is traveling to build a embankment that will protect their house. With the rapid addition in population, big Numberss of people end up busying the country between the inundation bank along the Bandar canal and the Krishna River. These countries are subjected to regular implosion therapy during monsoons. In order to safe guard the people and the support the Irrigation section constructed a inundation bank analogue to the old bund including the unauthorised colonies which had come up. This construction was designed to forestall the colonies from deluging. The old inundation bank was so converted to function the intent of transit ( presently NH5 ) . The people who were earlier shacking in inundation field were provided with legal ownership and the country was included within the metropolis town be aftering strategy.

Year Wise observed Maximum Floods in Krishna River

Sl.No.

Date

Calendar month

Year

Cusecs

U/S Side

D/S Side

Barrage

1.

7th

Oct

1903

10,60,830

( + ) 70.55

( + ) 69.55

23.50

2.

11th

Aug

1914

9,48,632

( + ) 68.20

( + ) 67.95

21.15

3.

2nd

Nov

1917

9,55,460

( + ) 68.10

( + ) 67.25

21.05

4.

24th

Sep

1949

9,24,736

( + ) 68.15

( + ) 66.00

21.10

5.

2nd

Oct

1964

9,87,852

( + ) 68.25

( + ) 65.30

23.20

6.

6th

Aug

1966

4,12,734

( + ) 57.95

( + ) 55.90

12.90

7.

30th

Sept

1974

5.97.800

( + ) 60.65

( + ) 58.40

15.60

8.

10th

July

1983

8,27,310

( + ) 64.05

( + ) 62.35

19.00

9.

24th

July

1989

6,86,910

( + ) 61.95

( + ) 55.0

16.90

10.

17th

Oct

1998

9,32,000

( + ) 65.45

( + ) 63.30

20.04

11.

21st

Sept

2005

7,40,232

( + ) 62.65

( + ) 60.00

17.60

12.

17th

Aug

2006

5,56,618

( + ) 59.85

( + ) 57.60

14.80

13.

21st

Sept

2007

5,56,618

( + ) 59.85

( + ) 57.60

14.80

14.

11th

Aug

2008

4,22,660

( + ) 57.55

( + ) 55.20

12.50

15.

5th

Oct

2009

10,94,422

( + ) 68.78

( + ) 67.50

23.47

Beginning: Irrigation Dept

The maximal inundation discharge observed during the twelvemonth 1903 is 10.60 lakh cusecs. After the building of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in the upstream of the river, during the twelvemonth 1998 Krishna River received a maximal inundation discharge of 9.32 hundred thousand cusec and caused dismaying state of affairs throughout the inundation Bankss below the Prakasam Barrage. Subsequently the flood Bankss of Krishna River were restored to original criterions during the twelvemonth 1999 to 2000.These Restorations did non include inundation Bankss which are within and nearby Vijayawada metropolis viz. Krishna Left Flood Bank ( upstream of Prakasam Barrage ) and Krishnalanka Flood Bank ( downstream of Prakasam Barrage ) .

Reasons for Krishna Flood

This part receives maximal rainfall both by sou’-west and withdrawing monsoons.

The primary ground for the implosion therapy is the unauthorised colonies along the river which had taken topographic point due to miss of planning and enforcement.

Vijayawada is located on the line which separates the delta-irrigated lands.

Flood bank below bombardment is about 6.40 kilometers which creates mayhem in inundation season from June to December.

High Water release at clip from bombardment with 4, 12,734 to 10, and 94,422 Cusecs of H2O released in assorted old ages.

Developmental activities like penstock connectivity to into the river is doing back H2O ( 3 penstocks connected into river ) .

Bund cutting for public private developmental activities ( ex: penstock, storm H2O drains ) approach roads for bigger vehicles.

Assigning the residential countries officially in inundation zone. Ex-husband: Police settlement.

Breach happening and amendss occurred to the inundation bank with faux pass and eroding.

With small important power over the colonies along the inundation Bankss, the irrigation section is unable to go to fleetly in vulnerable countries.

This state of affairs is farther complicated by the false hope provided by the politicians in their runs during elections that they would back up these illegal colonies. In order to derive ballot, some of them even promise to protect these people by guaranting that one time they are elected they would legalise their colonies and will besides revisiting the bing embankments. This step was taken in 1970 ‘s when the location of embankments were changed to include people who are in the inundation fields.

Elevation and location inside informations of Flood affected countries

Elevation and location inside informations of Flood affected countries

Area

Elevation

Longitude

Latitude

Krishna River

37 Ft.

Krishna Lanka

86 Ft.

16030’17.70 ” Nitrogen

80036’22.61 ” Tocopherol

Krishna Lanka

72-83 Ft.

16030’12.64 ” Nitrogen

80037’19.48 ” Tocopherol

P.N.Bus base

85 Ft.

16030’30.54 ” Nitrogen

80036’59.67 ” Tocopherol

VMC

97 Ft.

16030’38.41 ” Nitrogen

80036’42.15 ” Tocopherol

Krishna Lanka Tardwra

62-73-74Ft.

16037’27. 80 ” Nitrogen

80030’11.79 ” Tocopherol

Ranadhive Nagar

74-79 Ft.

16030’20.69 ” Nitrogen

80037’12.75 ” Tocopherol

Bus Stand back

69 Ft.

16030’22.00 ” Nitrogen

80037’00.54 ” Tocopherol

Bhupesh Gupta

Nagar

55-64 Ft.

16029’46.92 ” Nitrogen

80038’07.91 ” Tocopherol

Ramalingeswara

Nagar UGD

53 Ft.

16029’07.94 ” Nitrogen

80039’21.17 ” Tocopherol

Police Colony

59 Ft.

16029’08.01 ” Nitrogen

80039’24.18 ” Tocopherol

K.R.Market

81 Ft.

16030’48.62 ” Nitrogen

80036’49.36 ” Tocopherol

Indira Gandhi

Stadium

70 Ft.

16030’17.72 ” Nitrogen

80038’17.23 ” Tocopherol

RTC Colony

85 Ft.

16031’51.24 ” Nitrogen

80036’15.21 ” Tocopherol

Gannavaram

80 Ft.

16031’50.99 ” Nitrogen

80047’45.57 ” Tocopherol

Patamata misss High

School

69 Ft.

16029’43.39 ” Nitrogen

80040’05.38 ” Tocopherol

Krishna River at

Punnami

52 Ft.

16031’28.76 ” Nitrogen

80035’08.48 ” Tocopherol

Punnami Ghat

82 Ft.

16031’34.71 ” Nitrogen

80035’16.88 ” Tocopherol

Beginning: Irrigation Dept

List of vulnerable countries to the Krishna inundation

Vulnerability

population

country

Area

Krishna Flood

15557

1.15

Lanchi Revu

15722

1.88

karakatta

Krishna Flood

15814

2.81

Police settlement

14798

0.65

Bhupesh Gupta nagar

14608

0.5

Tarakaramanagar

14725

1.46

Randheer Nagar

15418

0.72

15320

1.92

Busstand

( back ) Saibaba

temple

121962

11.09

Beginning: irrigation Dept

Budameru Floods

The Budameru River flows from the North Western portion of the Krishna District. The river originates in the hills environing Mylavaram and flows into Kolleru Lake. In order to command the inundations the river is dammed at Velagaleru small town, Budameru recreation channel ( BDC ) is constructed from Velagaleru to fall in Krishna River upstream of Prakasam bombardment.

Budameru River is chiefly controlled at two countries before making Vijayawada metropolis. The first is the regulator across the Budameru drain at Velagaleru small town and at Vijayawada Thermal Power Station ( VTPS ) which is located on the western portion of the metropolis on the upstream of Prakasam bombardment. The Budameru River apart from fluxing along the western portion of the metropolis towards the VTPS besides enters the metropolis from the north taking into the Budameru canal which runs analogue to Eluru Canal.

The job starts at the tail terminal of the monsoon, with the reservoir being about full ( but non to its full capacity ) and the happening of terrible rainfall. Since the authorization of the regulator direction at Budameru is to make full the reservoir to its capacity and the uncertainness within the rainfall information the release from the regulator drain block, H2O flow from local catchment causes deluging normally in the northern portion of the metropolis

The uncertainness in the rainfall is a common phenomenon within the Krishna Basin. This is particularly due to the depressions and cyclones which form in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. This uncertainness combined with the limited carrying capacity of the river and the propinquity of the Velagaleru Village regulator provides low respite clip for both the administrative forces to forestall the inundations and people to forestall their losingss. The design and constitution of the EWS should take into history of this of import facet.

The Budameru inundation appraisal is based on the survey of topography and location information collected from secondary beginnings. There was non much information made available with regard to the regulator release at the Velagaleru Village.

Budameru canal has already been randomly blocked by developments and invasions ensuing in 1000s of people abandoning their shelters to safe topographic points, loss of belongings, go forthing unhygienic environment for hebdomads.

Colony along the river class, the huge land pockets on both the sides of the rill in New Rajarajeswari Peta, and the Rajeev Nagar country are the outstanding low lying countries prove to deluge catastrophe.

History

Budameru Water discharge during inundations

Quantified Budameru Water discharge during inundations

Sl.

No.

Date & A ; Year

Discharge Through

Entire

Discharge

in cusecs

Budameru in cusecs

Diversion

Channel in

Cusecs

Budameru

Course

Cusecs

( below

reguletor )

1

9.9.62

5900

2923

8823

2

22.8.63

6150

6168

12318

3

22.9.64

11125

28470

39595

4

19.5.69

7500

18580

26080

5

21.8.71

526

3196

3722

6

10.8.76

2225

14784

17009

7

31.7.78

6150

16302

22452

8

6.10.83

4250

9600

13850

9

13.8.86

6800

13200

20000

10

23.7.89

10625

24371

34996

11

11.5.90

7800

24473

32273

12

23.9.91

7500

18572

26072

13

24.8.2000

7850

3699

11549

14

20.9.2005

10945

14000

24945

15

20.9.2005

9900

7100

17000

Beginning: Irrigation Dept

Rain and Flood specifics

Rain and Flood specifics

Flood flow ( Cusecs )

Year

Rainfall ( MM )

Flood flow ( Cusecs )

Actual

Normal

1988-89

1264

1029

24371

1989-90

1580

1029

24473

1990-91

921

1029

18572

2005-06

1239

1034

14000

2008-09

1188

1034

7100

Reasons for Budameru Floods

Flood field

While Krishna River deluging affects to the inundation fields on the exterior of the embankments, but the Budameru River affects the full North and North western portion of the metropolis. This is chiefly due to the limited carrying capacity of the Budameru river channel and deficiency of sufficient mechanisms to run out the extra H2O during terrible rain into the Krishna River.

The job arises when Budameru catchment gets more than mean rainfall within 24 – 48 hours. This leads to the reservoir in the Velagaleru small town reach critical degree coercing the irrigation section to let go of H2O doing inundations in Vijayawada.

Adding rain H2O from local catchment and Hills.

2. The colonies

The population growing of the metropolis has led to the slow motion of people towards the pes of the hills, which subsequently led to enlargement in to the inundation zones. Even though much of these colonies are unauthorised the municipality efforts to provide to the basic demands of these illegal colonies by supplying services such as roads, H2O supply and sanitation. These privileges have farther encouraged the colonies in spread outing in the high incline / hazard prone countries.

Other grounds

Non executable house buildings

Silt uping of drains

Back H2O due to conjution in storm H2O ( HB settlement, Bhavnipuram )

Raising the route degrees in inundation way

Busying the inundation bunds

Cuting the bund for development activities like coach shelters, beautification etc ( Singh Nagar )

Less consciousness about the state of affairs and carelessness about the job among people.

Besides this chocking storm rain H2O canals, penstock and back H2O besides cause the Budameru inundation badly and damage the lives and belongings

Elevation inside informations of likely Flood affected countries with Budameru

Area

Elevation

Longitude

Latitude

Ajit Singh Nagar

75 Ft.

16032’21.66 ” Nitrogen

80038’28.52 ”

Tocopherol

Vambay Colony

68 Ft.

16032’14.17 ” Nitrogen

80039’17.80 ”

Tocopherol

R.R.Pet

72 Ft.

16031’59.80 ” Nitrogen

80037’47.60 ”

Tocopherol

Budameru at New

R.R.Pet

67 Ft.

16032’07.69 ” Nitrogen

80037’53.65 ”

Tocopherol

Rajeev Nagar

67 Ft.

16032’15.18 ” Nitrogen

80039’12.40 ”

Tocopherol

R.R.Peta field

67 Ft.

16032’43.98 ” Nitrogen

80037’25.68 ”

Tocopherol

Jakkampudi

91 Ft.

16035’01.71 ” Nitrogen

80036’55.58 ”

Tocopherol

LBS Nagar

68 Ft.

16032’59.87 ” Nitrogen

80036’55.58 ”

Tocopherol

Andhra Patrika

Colony

16033’00.92 ” Nitrogen

80038’41.56 ”

Tocopherol

Rajeev Nagar

64 Ft.

16033’22.73 ” Nitrogen

80038’45.93 ”

Tocopherol

LBS Nagar

68 Ft.

16032’57.55 ” Nitrogen

80038’58.98 ”

Tocopherol

List of Budameru inundation effected countries

Budameru set uping Areas

S. No.

population

Area ( Sq

kilometer )

Circle

Division

Areas

1

7744.5

0.64

I

29

Rotary nagar, Ekalayvya nagar, Urmila subbarao nagar, ambedkar route, Kabela

2

7396.5

0.49

30

KLRao Nagar

7814.5

0.21

31

Deenadayal

Nagar, Ambedkar nagar

4

7861

0.94

27

Ambedkar Road

5

15201

1.25

28

Housingboard settlement, Labor settlement

Subtotal

46017.5

3.53

6

10

15

15355

0.33

2

36

Deenadayal

Nagar, Ambedkar nagar

16

13023

0.56

49

Old RR Peta

17

14092

4.21

52

New RR peta, Arunodya nagar, Tammina Durga Rao Nagar, Nandamuri Nagar

18

14641

0.65

55

Indira nayak Nagar, Kanakadurga Nagar, Andhra Patrika Colony

19

14723

1.56

53

RK Puram, Vijayadurga nagar, Devinagar

20

13671

0.68

51

Ayodhya nagar

21

13234

0.44

57

LBS Nagar, Patel nagar

22

13904

1.39

58

Old Rajeev Nagar, Vaddera Colny, VUDA settlement, New Rajeev nagar

23

13490

2.71

59

Radha Nagar, Prajasakthi Nagar, Kandrika Bose Nagar ( NSC

24

13927

0.35

54

Singh Nagar

25

13253

1.36

56

Vambey Colony

subtotal

153313

14.24

11

23

26

14029

5.93

3

1

Sangam Road, Gandhiji settlement, Karmel Nagar, Joseph Nagar

subtotal

14029

5.93

1

4

Storm H2O drainage system

All these H2O channels contribute in run outing the surface run off from the metropolis and hence have been referred as the major drainage countries of the metropolis.

In most portion of the metropolis, there are no separate systems to transport the sewerage and storm H2O individually. Except for 390 km length of the roads, where UGD exists, the remainder of the route side drains besides serve as cloacas round the twelvemonth. In fact, save during the monsoon months spread over July-September, the remainder of the twelvemonth, the drains carry merely the sewerage. Besides during the monsoons, the effluent from the kitchen and lavatories get diluted with the storm H2O. The chief drainage system of the metropolis is narrated in the undermentioned paragraphs.

Budameru Channel Drainage country

Budameru Channel is the major drainage channel of the drainage country and receives the surface overflow from the catchment country.

Krishna River East Drainage country

The drainage country covers the south-eastern portion of the metropolis. Most portion of the nucleus urban country, viz. , Krishna Lanka, GovernorPet, Punnamma Thota, Kasturibai Pet, Moghalrajpuram and Badavpet lie in this drainage country. The river Krishna is the concluding receiver of the storm H2O overflow from this drainage country through a figure of roadside drains. Bandar canal towards the E across the drainage country besides carries a significant measure of storm overflow every bit good as sullage, sewerage from the drainage country.

Ryves Canal Drainage country

The country under this drainage country is extremely developed except for portion of Gunadala hill. Gandhi Nagar, Durga Agraharam, Durgapuram, Chuttugunta, Maruti Nagar and Machavaram are major high denseness vicinities in this drainage country.

Krishna River West Drainage country

The drainage country comprises southwesterly portion of the metropolis. The old town country every bit good as premier vicinities viz. Mahatipuram, Wynchipet, Mallikarjuna Pet, Vidyadhrapuram and a figure of lodging settlements are located within the drainage country. The drainage country has a extremely undulating topography with Indrakiladri hills located within it. The topography is inclining downwards from north to south. Almost the full measure of storm H2O overflow is led towards the river Krishna by a figure of roadside drains. The present drain lengths are at an mean ratio of 1.04 with the bing route lengths which is really less than the minimal criterions. So maintaining in position the topographical characteristics of the metropolis, new drains have been proposed with an mean length ratio of 1.5 with the bing route lengths.

Existing Drain Length ( both unfastened and UGD ) : Vijayawada, 2003 Length in kilometer

Circle

Road length in kilometer

Roadss with unfastened drains on one side

Length of Roads with unfastened drains on both sides

Entire length of Roads with unfastened darins

% of roads with drains

Open drain

UGD length in kilometer

I

373.39

23.68

141.5

165.1855

44.24

306.69

0

Two

210.81

23.58

140.86

164.434

78

305.29

170

Three

656.52

39.42

235.52

274.9385

41.88

510.46

222

Entire

1240.72

86.68

517.88

604.5605

48.73

1122.4

392

Issues

The bing UGD system covers merely 21 % of VMC cardinal zone country and other drainage systems cover 49 % . Rest of the 30 % of the metropolis country lacks proper drainage system.

As of 2004, there are around 1120 kilometer of drains in the full metropolis and 896 drain cleaners work for the operation and care. This is said to be unequal ensuing in hapless quality of care of drains.

Long stretches of drain are kutcha.

Storm H2O drainage web is inefficient and inadequate in about all the wards of the metropolis

Few countries like Ajit Singh Nagar, Payakapuram and Prakash Nagar are prone to deluging during heavy rains because of Budamerru watercourse.

Deluging of roads by sewerage occurs due to encroachment, silting and solid waste dumping on the drainage channels, which lead to the canals in the metropolis.

Scheme for Development

To supply cost effectual UGD system or closed drains to cover all countries of circle II and III to heighten the environmental quality and hygienic status in the City.

Upgradation of bing kutcha drains to pucca drains

Provision of pucca drains in new developing countries of the metropolis.

To hold a stopping point tie up with PWD for set abouting betterment programmes for supplying Storm Water Drains including the desilting plant of the canals in the metropolis.

To clear invasions along the drainage channel to ease smooth flow of storm H2O and to maintain the country clean and to cut down the pollution along the canals. This will heighten the linkage between the reservoirs to hive away rainwater in the Town.

FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT

Hazard Assessment ( Krishna River )

S.No

Hazard

Parameters

Genereal Assessment

Hazard Appraisal

1

Flood Risk Assessment

( Krisna Flood )

Annual Rainfall

Scope of Annual Rainfall is 700-1000mm is making inundation in NE and SW Monsoons

2.

Water catchment

Hugh H2O catchment country near about 13.68Sq kilometers

Can be able to keep upto 7 hundred thousand cusecs

3.

Barrage capacity

Barrage H2O keeping capacity 12lakhs cusecs

Can keep upto 12 hundred thousand cusecs if exceeds dam failure may happen

4.

Time to make flood H2O from upper catchment

2 to 4 yearss depending on the rainfall

Local catchment, influx of local watercourses besides increase the inundation strength

5.

Shape of River

Rectangular form with consecutive inundation bank

13 kilometer and 6.40 kilometer of flood Bankss, But tallness of the inundation bank is being diminishing downwards.

6.

Dirt

Black cotton dirt and alluvial dirt which hold wet for maximal clip

7.

Land growing

Very less land can be observed

8.

Drain

Even there is no UGD in many countries of inundation zone, but storm H2O drains were built. Apart from these, three penstocks were connected to let go of the drain H2O into the Krishna river.

These penstocks will work contrary by taking back H2O

9.

Elevation

43 m to 60 m height

Very near to deluge bank tallness

Hazard Assessment ( Budameru )

S.No

Hazard

Parameters

General Assessment

Hazard Appraisal

1.

Flood Risk Assessment

( Budameru inundation )

Annual rainfall

Scope of one-year rainfall is 700-1000 millimeter is making inundation in NE and SW monsoons

2.

Water catchment

Huge H2O catchment country near about 23.7 sq kilometer

Huge country than Krishna flood country

3.

Regulator capacity

Regulator at Velagaleru can keep 35000 cusecs of H2O

Highest country than Krishna flood country

4.

Time to make flood H2O from upper catchment

2 to few hours to one twenty-four hours depending on the rainfall

5.

Shape of river

Irregular form with no or less flood Bankss and less tallness ( 1 pess to 1 metre merely )

This is the 1 of major cause

6.

Dirt

Black cotton and ruddy gravelly dirt which holds wet for less clip

Water sinking nature is less

7.

Land growing

Other than in residential countries, thorny shrubs, grass growing is more

8.

Contaminated nutrient

Food cooked in unhygienic conditions is doing people badly with nutrient toxicant, purging etc

9.

Health installations

Health Centres are non holding appropriate vaccinums and drugs

10.

Sanitation

Poor sanitation in Krishna and Budameru inundation zones are doing people ill

SCENARIOS ( CAUSATIVE FACTORS )

Causative factors

Possible hazard

Extreme individual twenty-four hours or two twenty-four hours rainfall in the Krishna catchment when the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir is full. Such happening is possible due to cyclonal activities ( including depression ) in either Bay of Bengal or Arabian sea

Floods in southern portion of the metropolis including countries inside of the embankments, possible breach of embankments, line of life services including H2O supply, sanitation and electricity may be damaged/affected

Extreme individual twenty-four hours or two twenty-four hours rainfall in the Budameru catchment during the tail terminal of monsoon

Floods in north and north western pars of Vijayawada metropolis

Extreme individual twenty-four hours or two twenty-four hours rainfall in Vijayawada due to cyclones

Damagess to edifices, inundations within the metropolis and possible flood of canal followed by wellness hazard

Extenuation Measures

Extenuation steps are really of import stage of catastrophe direction. They will assist to cut down the loss and increase the capacity of people in pull offing the catastrophes.

Krishna inundations

S.No.

Name of the activity

Estimate ( Rs in

Lahks )

Agency

Work Status

1

As per the edifice byelaws 1981, no permission to build a edifice on site shall be granted, if the site is within 9 metres of the highest H2O grade of a armored combat vehicle.

1a

Further the authorization may

necessitate the floor of the lowest floor of such edifice to be raised above the normal minimal inundation degree of the bordering to land or to such other degree as the authorization may order

2

Shift or curtail the people populating in flood Bankss to safe topographic point by supplying all comfortss

2a

Shift to impermanent Centres when having the 1st warning

2b

Krishna Bund beef uping at Krishnalanka, Anadheevinagar,

Bhupesh Gupta Nagar

50

SE, Irrigation

initiated the

work

3

Krishna bund building

from Police Colony to Yanamala Kuduru

5000

work initiated

but stopped due

to communal

struggles

4

Raising the free board of Krishna inundation bunds from 1.5 meters to 2 metres

SE, Irrigation

have been

submitted for

K.L.F. Bank and

K.R.F. Banks

5

Switch the dwellers of the inundation zone of Budameru impermanent or lasting displacement the dwellers of the inundation zone of Budameru impermanent or lasting

Commissioner, VMC

6.

Stop busying the Budameru bund from Singh Nagar to NSC Bose Nagar

7.

Supplying Road side rain H2O drains at Bandar route

5196

Commissioner

, VMC

initiated the work

8.

Supplying Road side rain H2O drains Ayyappanagar Road

1948

Commissioner

, VMC

yet to get down

9.

Supplying Underground drainage and sewer lines

and building of sump

semen [ Pump house ]

232

Commissioner

, VMC

yet to get down

10.

Construction of Flood Bankss for Krishna River and Budameru Floods

10400

Selenium: Irrigation, Commissioner

, VMC

yet to get down

11

The proposals for raising the free board have been submitted for K.L.F. Bank and K.R.F. Banks.

SE, Irriataion

yet to get down

12

building of electrical grave yard Ramalingeswar Nagar

120

Commissioner

VMC

yet to get down

13

building of 10 shelters /Rehabliataion shelters at

Safe zones

300

Commissioner

VMC

yet to get down

14

Procuring deliverance equipment at assorted locations

20

Commissioner

VMC

yet to get down

15

switching and building Housing degree Fahrenheit or the Krishna flood bank occupants

52000

Commissioner

VMC

yet to get down

16

Renovation or building of safe schools and supplying safety equipment at schools

50

DYEO, VMC

yet to get down

17

securing nutrient for inundation effected people

20

POUCD, VMC

yet to get down

18

Supplying wellness cantonments and Medicine stock

20

CMHO VMC

yet to get down

19

Provision of Food to breastfeeding female parents and Babies and kids under 6 old ages

20

PDw & A ; C

yet to get down

20

Reconstruction of rubbish or spoilt roads in many points of the metropolis to protect form H2O stagnancy

50

R & A ; B

Dy. SE.

yet to get down

20a

Filling and mending the ditches and exposed route

yet to get down

21

Construction of 50 carnal sheds at safe zones

10

Joint Director

Animal

Farming

yet to get down

22

Identify the high milk production and other animate being or bird production countries, based on that penchant should be given to supply all steps to those cowss and birds safety and generation

Joint Director

Animal

Farming

yet to get down

Entire

23436

Budameru inundations

S.No.

Name of the activity

Estimate ( Rs in

Lahks )

Agency

work Status

1

As per the edifice byelaws 1981, no permission to build a edifice on site shell be granted, if the site is within 9 metres of the highest H2O grade of a armored combat vehicle

1a

Further the authorization may necessitate the floor of the lowest

floor of such edifice to be raised above the normal

minimal flood degree of the bordering to land or to such

other degree as the authorization may order

2

Construction of Storm H2O drain along interior pealing route

between Pipula route to Kanakadurganagar chief route

83.34

Chief Engineer

VMC

Initiated the work

2a

displacement to impermanent Centres when H2O degree

Commissioner

VMC

3

Construction of Storm H2O drain along Railway path from RR Peta railroad degree traversing to Budameru Bridge.

134

Chief Engineer

VMC

Initiated the work

4

Construction of Storm H2O drain along Nuzvid route from

Pipula route to Rly.Track side church in Singhnagar.

196.78

Chief Engineer

VMC

yet to get down

5

Construction of Storm H2O drain along interior pealing route

between Pipula route to Kanakadurganagar chief route

356.57

Executive

Engineer 2 VMC

yet to get down

6

De-silting of all the kutcha drains and besides for wholly along this impermanent drains provided up to 33 blowholes in being taken up by VMC proposed to supply 800 / 900 / 1000mm Defense Intelligence Agency available fresh pipes of VMC can be used in 2 or 3 rows at of import crossings with sufficient breadth for cart transition wheresoever necessary to ease the husbandmans field to halt the obstructor of H2O flow

10

Executive

Engineer, VGTM

UDA,

Annual maintanance

7

As per historical information, inundation flow coming from upper catchment countries and existent run- off coming over the bing IRR, as sheet of H2O has to be assessed. The IRR will move as retaining wall which leads to flood in the catchment country and ensuing submerging of habited countries.

Executive

Engineer, R & A ; B,

and Executive

Engineer,

Drain, VMC

8

Strengthen the Budameru bund and protect it from Rodents, illegal plowing for attack way, remotion of bund clay for other intent

20411

9

Raise the culverters on Budameru drain and keep the route degree ever low.

Sc, Irrigataion

initiated

the work

9a

desilting, de weeding of the Budameru drain

10

Protecting wall through habitations from Budameru drain

Commissioner

, VMC SI, Police,

SI, VMC

yet to

Begin

11

Irregular form of the Drain should do as strait line so that H2O drains fast and inundates slow and H2O acquire percolates into the dirt.

Sc, Irrigation

yet to

Begin

12

Provide work force to supervise such invasion or authorization to convey down the constructions which have encroached into the flood Bankss.

Sc, Irrigataion

Commissioner

, VMC

Commissioner,

VMC

AC ( G ) , VMC

yet to

Begin

13

Houses should build above drain degree. ( 2 metres high )

Commissioner

, VMC

CE/SC/EE, VMC

CP, VGTM,

EE, Housing

yet to

Begin

Decision

The survey country ( Vijayawada metropolis ) is extremely affected by the inundation and it is necessary to place the factors responsible and the impact inundation has on Vijayawada. As a portion of the survey the parts which are affected by the old inundations have been mentioned, the effects of the Budameru canal and Krishna River on the metropolis have been discussed. The hazard appraisal of the Budameru canal and the Krishna River has been done. Increase in the H2O degrees of Krishna River and the Budameru canal are the chief grounds for the implosion therapy of the metropolis. The local governments and the authorities are working difficult to do the metropolis less prone to inundations. The jeopardy hazard of the part can non be mitigated wholly but the exposure of the part can be reduced by proper planning and execution of catastrophe direction.