Profit maximization in case of perfect competition Free Essay Example

Profit  is  the  difference  between  revenue  and  cost.  In  short  run  a  firm  operates  with  a  fixed  amount  of  capital  and  must  choose  the  levels  of  its  variable  inputs (labour  and  materials).  Profit  is  maximized  when  the  marginal  revenue  of  the  firm  is  equal  to  the  marginal  cost  of  production  and  this  holds  true  for  every  firm.  Since  the  demand  curve  facing  the  firm  in  a  competitive  market  is  horizontal  so marginal  revenue  and  price  are  equal.  So  the  condition  for  profit  maximization  rule  is  that  marginal  revenue  equals  marginal  cost  at  a  point  at  which  the  marginal  cost  curve  is  rising  rather  than  falling.

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 A  firm  need  not  always earn  a  profit  in  the  short  run  due  to  the  increased   fixed   cost  of  production.  This  raises  average  total  cost  and  marginal  cost  curves.

 Thus  a  firm  might  operate  at  a  loss  in  short  run  because  it  expects  to  earn  a  profit  in  future  as  the  price  of  its  product  increases  or  costs  of  production  fall.

  A  firm  will  find  it  profitable  to  shut  down  when  the  price  of  its  product  is  less  than  the  minimum  average  variable  cost.  In  long  run,  the  firmearns  zero  economic  profits.  Economic  profit  takes  account  of  opportunity  costs.  One  such  opportunity  cost  is  the  return  that  the  owners  of  the  firm  could  make  if  their  capital  were  invested  elsewhere.  A firm  earning  zero  economic  profits  need  not  go  out  of  business,  because  zero  profit  means  the  firm  is  earning  a  reasonable  return  on  its  investment.

A  positive  profit  means  an  unsually  high  return  on  investment.  This  high  return  causes  investors  to  direct  resources  away  from  other  industries  into  this  one  there  will be  entry  into  the  market.  Eventually  the  increased  production  assosciated  with  new  entry  causes  the  market  supply  curve  to  shift  to  the  right  so  that  the  market  output  increases  and  the  the  market  price  falls.  Therefore  there   will  be  zero  economic  profits.  When  a  firm  earns  zero  profit,  it  has  no  incentive  to  enter.  A  long  run  competitive  eqilibrium  occurs  when  three  conditions  hold.

First, all  firms  in  the  industry  are  maximizing  profit.  Second ,  no  firm  has  an  incentive  either  to  enter  or  exit  the  industry,  because  all  firms  in  the  industry  are  earning  zero  economic  profit.  Third  the price  of  the  product  is  such  that  the  quantity  supplied  by  the  industry  is  equal  to  quantity  demanded  by  the  consumers.  The  concept  of  long  run  equilibrium  tells  us  the  direction  that  firm’s  behaviour  is  likely  to  take.  The  idea  of  an  eventual  zero  profit ,  long   run  equilibrium  should  not  discourage  a  manager  whose  reward  depends  on  short  run  profit  that  the  firm  earns.

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